A warming Midwest increases likelihood that farmers will need to irrigate

If current climate and crop-improvement trends continue into the future, Midwestern corn growers who today rely on rainfall to water their crops will need to irrigate their fields, a new study finds. This could draw down aquifers, disrupt streams and rivers, and set up conflicts between agricultural and other human and ecological needs for water, scientists say.

The study, reported in the journal Ecosphere, calculated the extent to which hotter conditions expected by midcentury will draw more moisture out of corn plants, said Evan DeLucia, G. William Arends Professor of Integrative Biology, Baum Family Director of the Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment (iSEE) and Director of the Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), who led the study.

“As the atmosphere warms, it dries, and so the draw for water to go from plants to the atmosphere increases,” DeLucia said. “The ability of the atmosphere to draw water from plants is determined by its ‘vapor pressure deficit.’

“If you add to this the decades-old trend toward bigger, more productive corn plants, you see an overall increase in water use and water loss through plant leaves – without comparable increases in rainfall to counter the deficit,” he said.

Today, average corn yields across the Midwest are roughly 170 bushels per acre, DeLucia said. This is up from about 120 bushels per acre in 1990.

“If this trend continues, the projected yield in 2050 would be 230-240 bushels per acre averaged across the Midwest,” he said. “If you want more corn, then you have to have a bigger plant, and a bigger plant is going to use more water.”

Precipitation is not expected to increase enough in the Midwest to compensate for the drying conditions of the warmer atmosphere, the researchers found.

“We are getting more intense storms in the spring and less rain in the late summer,” DeLucia said. But the overall amount of precipitation is not expected to change much in the coming decades.

Even without increases in plant size and productivity, warming conditions alone will necessitate a much greater demand for water, the team found.

“We show that as vapor pressure deficit increases, maintaining current maize yields will require a large expansion of irrigation, greater than threefold, in areas currently supported by rain,” the researchers wrote.

Some strategies can help counter the drying conditions, DeLucia said. The use of minimum tillage and mulches can reduce the rate of water loss from the soil. And breeding or genetically modifying plants to sequester more chlorophyll in their lower leaves and less in the top will allow photosynthesis to proceed more efficiently closer to the ground, where conditions are more humid. This will lessen the amount of moisture lost when plants open the pores in their leaves to take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. A research effort to do this is underway in the laboratory of Donald Ort, Robert Emerson Professor of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences at Illinois, leader of the IGB's Genomic Ecology of Global Change theme and a member of Biosystems Design and CABBI.

The U.S. Department of Energy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation and a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Carbon Monitoring System Award supported this research.