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In darters, male competition drives evolution of flashy fins, bodies

August 1, 2018
By: Diana Yates

Scientists once thought that female mate choice alone accounted for the eye-catching color patterns seen in some male fish. But for orangethroat darters, male-to-male competition is the real force behind the flash, a new study finds.

The research, reported in the Royal Society journal Proceedings B, suggests that separate populations of orangethroat darters are evolving differing color patterns as a result of the males’ ability to distinguish their own from other species.

Illinois animal biology professor Becky Fuller, left, and graduate student Rachel Moran study the factors that drive fish evolution in freshwater systems.
Illinois animal biology professor Becky Fuller, left, and graduate student Rachel Moran study the factors that drive fish evolution in freshwater systems.

Darters are small, perch-like fish living in freshwater rivers and creeks in North America, said University of Illinois graduate student Rachel Moran, who led the research with animal biology professor Becky Fuller of the IGB's Gene Networks in Neural & Developmental Plasticity research theme. The males are showy, with orange and blue-green stripes and patches, but the females are brown and tan.

“The females don’t choose their mates,” Moran said. When fertile, they simply burrow into the gravel and wait for a mate to arrive. “Males of the same species will come up and try to mate with a female and fight off other males,” she said.

Because this aggression is costly and dangerous, the males do best if they compete only with males of their own kind, Fuller said.

“To be successful, they need to distinguish between their own and other darter species,” she said.

Only orangethroats that coexist with rainbow darters have developed this ability, recent studies have found. Once they learn to avoid rainbow darters – a more distantly related species of fish – orangethroat males won’t mate or fight with even closely related orangethroat species.

In the new study, Moran raised a generation of orangethroat offspring in the lab. She obtained the parents of these lab-raised fish from different populations in the wild. The experiment revealed that the distinctive male color patterns seen in separate populations of orangethroat darters persisted from generation to generation.

“This shows that this is something that is genetically based and that those differences are not due just to the environment,” she said.

She also compared color patterns in populations of orangethroat darters that do and do not share habitat with rainbow darters.  Orangethroat populations that never encounter rainbow darters in the wild look very similar to one another, even when they live out their lives in complete isolation from each other, she noticed.

Separate populations of orangethroat darters whose territories overlap with rainbow darters look very different from one another, however. When individuals from these different populations are brought together in the lab, they ignore and avoid one another. They will neither mate with the females or fight with the other orangethroat darter males.

When they share habitat with rainbow darters, male orangethroat darters learn to recognize their own and other species. They ignore other fish that look even slightly different from themselves, a behavior that appears to drive the evolution of their own color patterns.
When they share habitat with rainbow darters, male orangethroat darters learn to recognize their own and other species. They ignore other fish that look even slightly different from themselves, a behavior that appears to drive the evolution of their own color patterns.

Moran said there is a possible explanation for why the two species have learned to avoid one another: Hybrid offspring have low survival.

“Natural selection has favored fish that are able to distinguish between their own and the other species,” she said.

“As scientists, we often assume that female mate choice is the reason for sexual dimorphism in animal species, where females are very dull and males are flashy,” Moran said. “But here, we’re showing that male competition also plays an important role. We now know that male competition alone can drive divergence in this really flashy signal between species and also within species.”

The National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Agriculture supported this research.


August 1, 2018
By: Diana Yates
Photos By: L. Brian Stauffer. Graphic by Rachel Moran and Diana Yates